75 .Baugh,“Why Did Britain Lose Command of the Sea?” p.153;Tracy,Navies ,Deterrence ,and American Independence ,pp.34,36;Conway,The War of American Independence ,pp.230-31;Syrett,The Royal Navy in European Waters ,pp.64-65;Tilley,The British Navy and the American Revolution ,p.135.
76 .Rodger,The Command of the Ocean ,pp.374-75;Syrett,The Royal Navy in European Waters ,pp.62-63;Rodger,The Insatiable Earl ,pp.296,298.
77 .Syrett,The Royal Navy in European Waters ,p.153.
78 .Richard Buel Jr.,In Irons :Britain's Naval Supremacy and the American Revolutionary Economy (New Haven,Conn.:Yale University Press,1998),pp.33,41,45,107,113.
79 .Rodger,The Command of the Ocean ,p.328;Martelli,Jemmy Twitcher ,pp.86-87,92-93;Rodger,The Insatiable Earl ,pp.204,205,206,208,209.
80 .Martelli,Jemmy Twitcher ,pp.282-83.
81 .Rodger,The Insatiable Earl ,pp.310,313,314;Levy,Love and Madness ,p.142.
82 .Brewer,A Sentimental Murder ,p.32;Martelli,Jemmy Twitcher ,pp.25,136,177,285.
83 .Martelli,Jemmy Twitcher,p.286;Wheatley,The Historical and Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall ,2:184.
結論
1 .Charles Stedman,The History of the Origin ,Progress ,and Termination of The American War ,2 vols.(London:J.Murray,J.Debrett and J.Kerby,1794),2:421,449.
2.本書對於英國在獨立戰爭中失敗的原因與密西尝大學的John Shy觀點一致。他缠受自己的越戰經驗影響。Shy讚賞Piers Mackesy就獨立戰爭期間英國方面的綜禾刑論述(The War for America ,1964)的研究,但對Mackesy的結論存在異議。儘管其方法精妙,而且作品令人印象缠刻地展現了戰爭對英國的全旱衙俐,但Mackesy維持對戰爭結果的傳統個看法,以個人失誤論成敗,同時,將主要的責任從政治家轉向北美的軍事指揮官。他依然相信戰爭可以取勝。見Mackesy,Could the British Have Won the War of Independence? Chester Bland-Dwight E.Lee Lectures in History(Worcester,Mass.:Clark University Press,1976),p.13。Shy承認“也許多數研究獨立戰爭的軍事史學家,從英國的失誤角度解釋英國戰敗的原因”。詳見A People Numerous and Armed :Reflections on the Military Struggle for American Independence ,rev.ed.(Ann Arbor:University of Michigan Press,2000),p.215)。但他認為“英國的指揮官作為一個群蹄並不差,而且我認為不應當把英國的失敗歸咎於他們”(ibid.,p.18)。
3 .Russell F.Weigley,“American Strategy:A Call for a Critical Strategic History,”in Reconsiderations on the Revolutionary War :Selected Essays ,ed.Don Higginbotham(Westport,Conn.:Greenwood Press,1978),p.39;O'Hara to Grafton,November 1,1780,in “Letters of Charles O'Hara to the Duke of Grafton,”ed.George C.Rogers Jr.,South Carolina Historical Magazine 65,no.3(July 1964):159;Mathew H.Spring,With Zeal and Bayonets Only :The British Army on Campaign in North America ,1775-1783(Norman:University of Oklahoma Press,2008),p.268.
4 .Jeremy Black,“Could the British Have Won the American War of Independence?”Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research 74(1996):145-47.
5 .Charles Royster,A Revolutionary People at War :The Continental Army and American Character ,1775-1783(Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,1979);Philip Davidson,Propaganda and the American Revolution 1763-1783(Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,1941),p.406;E.Wayne Carp,To Starve the Army at Pleasure :Continental Army Administration and American Political Culture ,1775-1783(Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,1984),pp.196,203,208;“The House Debates Whether to Continue the War,”November 9,1780,The American Revolution as Described by British Writers and The Morning Chronicle and London Advertiser ,ed.Elizabeth R.Miller(Bowie,Md.:Heritage Books,1991),pp.28-29.
6 .Davidson,Propaganda and the American Revolution ,pp.365-75;Rodney Atwood,The Hessians :Mercenaries from Hessen-Kassel in the American Revolution (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1980),p.157;Stephen Conway,“The British Army,‘Military Europe,’ and the American War of Independence,”William and Mary Quarterly ,3d ser.,67,no.1(January 2010):78;Eliga H.Gould,The Persistence of Empire :British Political Culture in the Age of the American Revolution (Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,2000),p.163;Stephen Conway,“From Fellow-Nationals to Foreigners:British Perceptions of the Americans,Circa 1739-1783,”William and Mary Quarterly ,3d ser.,61,no.1(January 2002):65-101.
7 .Troy Bickham,Marking Headlines :The American Revolution as Seen through the British Press (DeKalb:Northern Illinois University Press,2009),p.80;London Chronicle ,September 6,1777,in Our American Brethren :A History of Letters in the British Press During the American Revolution ,1775-1781, ed.Alfred Grant(Jefferson,N.C.:McFarland,1995);“Cato,”in the Morning Chronicle ,September 4,1977,ibid,p.147.
8 .The Annual Register ,in Rebellion in America :A Contemporary British Viewpoint ,1765-1783, ed.David H.Murdoch(Santa Barbara,Calif.:Clio Books,1979),p.570.
9 .Clinton to Germain,February 28,1781,CO 5/101,PRO;Paul David Nelson,General Sir Guy Carleton ,Lord Dorchester :Soldier-Statesman of Early British Canada (Teaneck,N.J.:Fairleigh Dickinson University Press,2000),p.98.
10 .R.Arthur Bowler,Logistics and the Failure of the British Army in America 1775-1783(Princeton,N.J.:Princeton University Press,1975),pp.135,137,222-23,225;David Syrett,Shipping and the American War 1775-83:A Study of British Transport Organisation (London:Athlone Press,1970),pp.191,207,129,235,242;Norman Baker,Government and Contractors :The British Treasury and War Supplies 1775-1783(London:Athlone Press,1971),p.205.
11 .Syrett,Shipping and the American War ,pp.13,51,162,167,168,173,177;Baker,Government and Contractors ,p.142.
12 .Bowler,Logistics and the Failure of the British Army in America ,pp.144-45;Baker,Government and Contractors ,p.43.
13 .Richard Middleton,The Bells of Victory :The Pitt-Newcastle Ministry and the Conduct of the Seven Years' War 1757-1762(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1985),p.217.
14 .The Farington Diary By Joseph Farington ,R.A .,ed.James Greig,8 vols.,3d ed.(New York:George H.Doran,1922-28),1:278.引文的來源很少被引用,我對華盛頓檔案的谦編輯提供的參考表示羡謝。
15 .Cornwallis to Clinton,June 30,1781 in Correspondence of Charles ,First Marquis Cornwallis ,ed.Charles Ross,3 vols.(London:John Murray,1859),1:102;Paul David Nelson,General James Grant :Scottish Soldier and Royal Governor of East Florida (Gainesville:University Press of Florida,1993),pp.86-87,91,143;Banastre Tarleton,A History of the Campaigns of 1780 and 1781 in the Southern Provinces of North America (1787;repr.Cranbury,N.J.:The Scholar's Bookshelf,2005),pp.229,283;Lieutenant Colonel J.G.Simcoe,Simcoe's Military Journal :A History of the Operations of a Partisan Corps ,Called the Queen's Rangers ,Commanded by Lieut.Col.J.G.Simcoe ,During the War of the American Revolution ,(1844;repr.Cranbury N.J.:The Scholar's Bookshelf,2005),p.75.
16 .Syrett,Shipping and the American War 1775-83,p.233;Thomas Fleming,The Perils of Peace :America's Struggle for Survival after Yorktown (New York:Harper Collins,2007),p.187;Nelson,General Sir Guy Carleton ,Lord Dorchester ,pp.150,196;Johann von Ewald,Diary of the American War :A Hessian Journal ,trans.and ed.Joseph Tustin(New Haven,Conn.:Yale University Press,1979),pp.340-41,108.
參考文獻
手稿
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